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Historic building in Manhattan, New York

Us historic identify

Significant dates

Fraunces Tavern Cake
U.Due south. National Register of Historic Places
U.South. Historic district
New York City Celebrated DistrictNo. 0994

Due north and west fronts of Fraunces Tavern on Pearl Street at Wide Street

Location	Bounded by Pearl Street, Coenties Skid, Water Street and Broad Street, New York, NY
Congenital	Diverse
Architect	Various
Architectural style	Diverse
NRHP referenceNo.	77000957^[1]
NYCHDNo.	0994
Added to NRHP	Apr 28, 1977
Designated NYCHD	November fourteen, 1978^[2]

The states historic place

Significant dates

Fraunces Tavern
U.S. National Annals of Historic Places
New York City LandmarkNo. 0030

Westward front of Fraunces Tavern on Broad Street
Location	54 Pearl Street, New York, NY
Coordinates	40°42′12″N 74°0′41″W / 40.70333°N 74.01139°W / 40.70333; -74.01139 Coordinates: twoscore°42′12″Due north 74°0′41″Westward / xl.70333°N 74.01139°W / 40.70333; -74.01139
Built	1719
Architectural fashion	Georgian
NRHP referenceNo.	08000140^[3]
NYCLNo.	0030
Added to NRHP	March 6, 2008
Designated NYCL	November 23, 1965

Fraunces Tavern is a museum and eating house in New York City, situated at 54 Pearl Street at the corner of Broad Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The location played a prominent role in history before, during, and subsequently the American Revolution. At various points in its history, Fraunces Tavern served as a headquarters for George Washington, a venue for peace negotiations with the British, and housing federal offices in the Early Republic.

Fraunces Tavern has been owned since 1904 by Sons of the Revolution in the Country of New York Inc., which carried out a major conjectural reconstruction, and claim it is Manhattan'due south oldest surviving edifice. The museum interprets the building and its history, forth with varied exhibitions of art and artifacts.^[4] The tavern is a tourist site and a office of the American Whiskey Trail and the New York Freedom Trail.^[five] ^[6] It is listed on the National Register of Celebrated Places and is a New York City designated landmark. In add-on, the block on which Fraunces Tavern is located is a National Historic Landmark Commune and a New York Urban center designated landmark commune.

Early history [edit]

Pre-Revolutionary history [edit]

New York Mayor Stephanus van Cortlandt built his home in 1671 on the site, but retired to his manor on the Hudson River and gave the property in 1700 to his son-in-police, Étienne "Stephen" DeLancey, a French Huguenot who had married Van Cortlandt's daughter, Anne. The DeLancey family contended with the Livingston family for leadership of the Province of New York.

DeLancey built the electric current edifice every bit a business firm in 1719. The modest yellow bricks used in its structure were imported from the Dutch Democracy and the sizable mansion ranked highly in the province for its quality.^[7] His heirs sold the building in 1762 to Samuel Fraunces who converted the home into the popular tavern, first named the Queen's Head.

Before the American Revolution, the edifice was 1 of the meeting places of the hole-and-corner society, the Sons of Freedom. During the tea crisis caused by the British Parliament's passage of the Tea Act 1773, the patriots forced a British naval captain who tried to bring tea to New York to give a public apology at the edifice.^[eight] The patriots, disguised every bit American Indians (like those of the Boston Tea Party), then dumped the ship's tea cargo into New York Harbor.

In 1768, the New York Chamber of Commerce was founded past a meeting in the edifice.^[9]

Revolution [edit]

In Baronial 1775, Americans, principally the 'Hearts of Oak' – a student militia of Kings College, of which Alexander Hamilton was a member – took possession of cannons from the artillery bombardment at the southern indicate of Manhattan and fired on HMS Asia. The British Royal Navy send retaliated past firing a 32-gun broadside on the city, sending a cannonball through the roof of the building.

When the war was all only won, the building was the site of "British-American Lath of Inquiry" meetings, which negotiated to ensure to American leaders that no "American holding" (significant former slaves who were emancipated by the British for their military service) be allowed to go out with British troops. Led past Brigadier Full general Samuel Birch, board members reviewed the testify and testimonies that were given past freed slaves every Wednesday from April to November 1783, and British representatives were successful in ensuring that near all of the loyalist blacks of New York maintained their liberty and could exist evacuated with the "Redcoats" when they left if then desired.^[10] Through this process, Birch created the Book of Negroes.

Washington's bye to his officers [edit]

*"Washington's Farewell to His Officers"*
Engraving subsequently painting by Alonzo Chappel
Date	Dec 4, 1783 (1783-12-04)
Location	Fraunces Tavern, Broad and Pearl Streets, New York Boondocks

A calendar week after British troops had evacuated New York on November 25, 1783, the tavern hosted an elaborate "turtle feast" dinner, on December 4, 1783, in the edifice's Long Room for U.S. Gen. George Washington during which he bade cheerio to his officers of the Continental Army by maxim "[w]ith a heart total of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may exist as prosperous and happy as your old ones have been glorious and honorable." Afterward his farewell, he took each one of his officers by the hand for a personal word.^[xi] ^[12] ^[xiii]

Mail service-Revolution [edit]

In Jan 1785, New York City became the seat of the Confederation Congress, the nation'southward central authorities nether the "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union." The departments of Foreign Affairs, Finance and State of war had their offices at Fraunces Tavern.

With the ratification of the United states of america Constitution in March 1789, the Confederation Congress'due south departments became federal departments, and New York Metropolis became the first official national capital letter. The inauguration of George Washington equally beginning President of the The states took identify in April 1789. Nether the July 1789 Residence Act, Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for a 10-year period, while the permanent national upper-case letter was under construction in what is now Washington, D.C. The federal departments vacated their offices in the building and moved to Philadelphia in 1790.

19th and 20th centuries [edit]

Fraunces Tavern, betwixt the 1890 alteration and the 1900 restoration.

The building operated throughout much of the 19th century, but suffered several serious fires beginning in 1832. Having been rebuilt several times, the construction's appearance was changed to the extent that the original edifice design is not known. The building was owned by Malvina Keteltas in the early 1800s. Ernst Buermeyer and his family leased part of the property in 1845 and ran a hotel called the Broad Street House at this location until 1860.^[14] After a disastrous fire in 1852, two stories were added, making the Tavern a full of v stories high. In 1890, the taproom was lowered to street level and the commencement floor exterior was remodeled, and its original timbers sold every bit souvenirs. The Manhattan local society of the National Society of the Children of the American Revolution is located at Fraunces Tavern. Every bit of 2020, the Senior Society President is Ms. Elsye Richardson.

Restoration [edit]

Valentine's City of New York guide book (1920) by Henry Collins Brown, featured the tavern on the cover.

In 1900, the tavern was slated for demolition by its owners, who reportedly wanted to apply the state for a parking lot. A number of organizations, most notably the Daughters of the American Revolution, worked to preserve it, and convinced New York state government leaders to utilise their ability of eminent domain and designate the building as a park (which was the only clause of the municipal ordinances that could be used for protection, as laws were not envisioned at the time for the subject of "historic preservation", so in its infancy). The temporary designation was subsequently rescinded when the property was acquired in 1904 by the Sons of the Revolution In the State of New York Inc., primarily with funds willed by Frederick Samuel Tallmadge, the grandson of Benjamin Tallmadge, George Washington's principal of intelligence during the Revolution (a plaque depicting Tallmadge is affixed to the building). An extensive reconstruction was completed in 1907 under the supervision of early on historic preservation builder, William Mersereau.^[15] A guide book of the era chosen the tavern "the nearly famous building in New York".^[sixteen]

Historian Randall Gabrielan wrote in 2000 that "Mersereau claimed his remodeling of Fraunces Tavern was faithful to the original, but the pattern was controversial in his time. There was no argument over removing the upper stories, which were known to take been added during the building's 19th Century commercial use, simply adding the hipped roof was questioned. He used the Philipse Manor House in Yonkers, New York every bit a mode guide and claimed to follow the roof line of the original, as constitute during construction, traced on the bricks of an adjoining building."^[17] Architects Norval White and Elliot Willensky wrote in 2000 that the building was "a highly conjectural reconstruction – not a restoration – based on 'typical' buildings of 'the period,' parts of remaining walls, and a lot of guesswork."^[18] Daniela Salazar at the website Untapped New York agrees, stating that the "reconstruction was extremely speculative, and resulted in an virtually entirely new construction".^[19]

The building was declared a landmark in 1965 by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Committee, and the surrounding city block bounded by Pearl Street, Water Street, Broad Street and Coenties Skid was included on November 14, 1978.^[2] The National Park Service added the surrounding city block to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on April 28, 1977,^[1] and the building was added to the NRHP on March 6, 2008.^[20]

Bombing [edit]

Fraunces Tavern bombing
Location	Manhattan, New York, U.South.
Appointment	January 24, 1975
Assail type	bombing
Weapons	bomb
Deaths	4
Injured	50+
Perpetrators	FALN

A flop planted in the tavern exploded on January 24, 1975, killing iv people and injuring more than than 50 others. The Puerto Rican clandestine paramilitary organization "Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña" (Armed forces of Puerto Rican National Liberation, or FALN), which had executed other bomb incidents in New York in the 1970s, claimed responsibility. No i had been prosecuted for the bombing as of 2022.^[21] ^[22]

Among the victims who died was a immature broker, Frank Connor (33), who had worked his way up over 15 years from clerk to assistant vice president at Morgan Guaranty Trust. Connor left behind his married woman and two sons. A second New York worker was Harold H. Sherburne (66), whose career on Wall Street spanned four decades. Two executives, James Gezork (32), of Wilmington, Delaware, and Alejandro Berger (28), who worked for a Philadelphia-based chemical visitor, had traveled to New York for business meetings. Sherburne, Connor, and Berger died at the scene; Gezork died later at the infirmary.

In a note police found in a phone booth nearby, the FALN wrote, "we … take full responsibleness for the especially detornated (sic) bomb that exploded today at Fraunces Tavern, with reactionary corporate executives inside." The annotation explained that the bomb — roughly 10 pounds of dynamite that had been crammed into an attaché case and slipped into the tavern's archway hallway — was retaliation for the "CIA ordered bomb" that killed three and injured 11 in a eating place in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, 2 weeks earlier.^{[ citation needed ]} As of December 2012^[update], a memorial plaque with some victims' names is hung in the Tavern'due south large dining room.

Recent uses [edit]

Fraunces Tavern Museum

Established	December four, 1907 (1907-12-04)
Location	54 Pearl Street, New York, NY
Visitors	25,000
Possessor	Sons of the Revolution in the Land of New York, Inc.
Public transit admission	Bus: M15 Subway: at Wall Street, at S Ferry/Whitehall Street
Website	frauncestavernmuseum.org

Since 1907, the Fraunces Tavern Museum on the second and third floors has helped to interpret the Fraunces Tavern and the collection of artifacts that it holds. The museum comprises ix galleries: The John Ward Dunsmore collection of painted scenes of the American revolution; the Elizabeth and Stanley DeForest Scott gallery of portraits of George Washington; the Long Room, the site of General George Washington'south famous cheerio dinner; the Clinton Room, a recreation of a federalist style dining room; the McEntee Gallery, depicting the history of the Sons of the Revolution; the Davis Teaching Center (Flag Gallery); and a number of other galleries and spaces used for periodic exhibitions. In 2014, for instance, the museum exhibited 27 maps from the 1700 and 1800s, including a never earlier seen map from 1804 depicting the United states' postal routes.^[23]

The building served as the location of the General Social club, Sons of the Revolution (a heritage organization like to and competing with the "Sons of the American Revolution") office until 2002, when the General Society moved to Independence, Missouri. The Fraunces Tavern Museum maintains several galleries of art and artifacts about the Revolution including the McEntee "Sons of the Revolution" Gallery that displays much of the history of the Society.^[24] In 2011, the Fraunces Tavern Museum hosted a special naturalization ceremony for new citizens, including I. Saragusti.

Run into also [edit]

List of the oldest restaurants in the U.s.
Listing of National Historic Landmarks in New York Metropolis
Listing of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
National Annals of Historic Places listings in Manhattan beneath 14th Street
Listing of the oldest buildings in New York

Gallery [edit]

Dining room at Fraunces Tavern

Plaques at Fraunces Tavern
Fraunces Tavern sign
Portrait of Samuel Fraunces (c.1770-1785), Fraunces Tavern Museum
George Washington says farewell to his troops at Fraunces Tavern, New York, 1783 by Henry Hintermeister

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b "Fraunces Tavern Cake". NPS.gov. Washington: National Register of Historic Places. April 28, 1977. Archived from the original on February twenty, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Fraunces Tavern Block Historic District" (PDF). NYC.gov. New York: New York Metropolis Landmarks Preservation Committee. August 1, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on Oct 19, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
^ "Fraunces Tavern". NPS.gov. Washington: National Register of Celebrated Places. March 6, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
^ "Founders of Sons Saved Fraunces Tavern". SonsOfTheRevolution.org. New York: Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
^ "The Happy 60 minutes Guys at Fraunces Tavern". YouTube.com. San Bruno, Calif.: YouTube LLC. February 7, 2008. Archived from the original on Dec 22, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
^ "Fraunces Tavern: Hangout of Sons Of Liberty; Hosted Washington, Several Cabinet Departments". NYFreedom.com. New York: Eric Kramer and Carol Sletten. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
^ "Old buildings of New York City: With some notes regarding their origin and occupants". New York: Brentano'south. 1907. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
^ Diana (May two, 2012). "A Walk Through History, Fraunces Tavern, New York". The Winged Sandals . Retrieved June 24, 2020.
^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Fraunces' Tavern". Encyclopedia Americana.
^ "Rough Crossing: The Slaves, the British, and the American Revolution". London: BBC Books. August 9, 2005. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
^ Fleming, Thomas (December 4, 2007). "Why Washington Wept". The New York Lord's day. New York: 2 SL LLC. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
^ "Sneek Peek at 2008". Fraunces Tavern Museum. New York: Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York Inc. Archived from the original on September eight, 2010. Retrieved Dec 29, 2009.
^ "Liberty'due south Kids, episode 38 "The Man Who Wouldn't Be Male monarch"". YouTube.com. San Bruno, Calif.: YouTube LLC. December 26, 2009. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved Dec 29, 2009.
^ "Fraunces Tavern and the Buermeyers". Archived from the original on May 14, 2014.
^ "Fraunces Tavern". NYC-Architecture.com. New York: Tom Fletcher. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
^ Henry Collins Brown (1920). Valentine's Urban center of New York. LCCN 20005206. OL 14047198M.
^ "New York Urban center'due south Financial District in Vintage Postcards". Mount Pleasant, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. May 23, 2000. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
^ White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Printing. ISBN978-0-8129-3107-five.
^ "THE OLDEST BUILDINGS IN MANHATTAN, NYC". Untapped Cities. February 11, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
^ "Fraunces Tavern". NPS.gov. Washington: National Register of Historic Places. March 6, 2008.
^ Mara Bovsun (January 21, 2012). "Justice Story: FALN bomb kills 4 at Fraunces Tavern, where George Washington said farewell to troops". NY Daily News . Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ Edward D. Reuss. "Terrorism in New York". nycop.com. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ "Exhibits & Collections | Fraunces Tavern® Museum". Archived from the original on July eight, 2013.
^ "Fraunces Tavern". YouTube.com. San Bruno, Calif.: YouTube LLC. November 2, 2009. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2009.